Since years bygone, the BRAIN had been the focus of considerable debate and controversy and the fears of declaring DEATH.had always been a dilemma. For a long time, this presumption prevailed that the only subtle sign of DEATH.was putrefaction and rigor mortis (2). In the presence of cardiac activity, the permanent loss of cerebral function, manifested clinically by the absence of purposeful responsiveness to external stimuli, cephalic reflexes, apnea, and an isoelectic electroencephalogram for at least 30 minutes in the absence of hypothermia and poisoning by central nervous system depressants indicate cerebral DEATH. The ABR test can be an indicator of preserved BRAINstem function in difficult clinical situations and has been utilized in BRAIN-dead patients (3,4). Absence of ABR waves II through V despite a normal wave I indicates a significant lack of function in BRAIN stem auditory tracts. This clinical trial was conducted on 62 male (30-75 years)who were in comatosed state. The ABR were clear and reproducible in comatosed patients in whom BRAIN DEATH.was not documented, whereas these responses were not recordable in BRAIN dead-patients.The latter finding was confirmed using preclinical monitors such as EEG, Cerebral angiography and CT Scan.

Background & Aim: Attending to the importance of hearing in development of language skills and the essence of hearing loss in meningitis as an acquired hearing loss, this study focuses on hearing assessment and early diagnosis of hearing loss. The purpose of the present study is to apply EOAE, ABR and behavioral hearing tests to evaluate audiologic condition of infants and neonates suffering from meningitis at the acute and recovery stages.Patients & Method: This cross-sectional study included 40 infants and neonates whose ages ranged from birth to 12 years. These patients, 24-72 hours after diagnosis or starting the treatment, were evaluated using ABR test. This test was also repeated 24 hours before discharge or recovery. 7-14 days after discharge or recovery, all the 40 patients were assessed using EOAE and behavioral tests, which could evaluate choclear function besides confirming the results of ABR test. To analyse the data and draw the charts and diagrams, we profited from SPSS, t-test, Fisher test, and EXCEL.Results: According to the results of ABR test, 24-72 hours after diagnosis, 4 patients (10%) showed bilateral severe to profound SNHL (sensorineural hearing loss) and 1 patient(2.5%) showed unilateral severe to profound SNHL. The same results were observed in re-evaluation 24 hours before discharge using ABR test and also in behavioral test 7-14 days after discharge from the hospital. However, ABR test recognized the rest of the cases (35 patients) as normal regarding their hearing abilities. These 35 patients were diagnosed to have normal hearing sense by EOAE test, which was carried out 7- 14 days after discharge from the hospital, as well. EOAE, however, indicated that three of the five patients suffering from SNHL presented with abnormal choclear function but the two of them remained normal in this respect.Conclusion: SNHL caused by meningitis, which involved 12.5% of our subjects, is detectable at the acute stage of the disease. Moreover, it can be concluded that meningitis can cause damage not only to choclear nerve but probably to choclear function, too. The damage to choclear function may occur in the presence of the damage to choclear nerve or by itself.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In today's world, Islamic jurisprudence encounters new issues. One of the areas where jurisprudence gets involved is the issues concerned with BRAIN DEATH. whether BRAIN DEATH.in jurisprudence and Islamic law is considered the end of life. In this study, BRAIN DEATH.was discussed from the Shiite jurisprudence perspective and also the opinions of the specialists are taken into account.METHODS: This study is designed based on library collection and review of the literature in the field of BRAIN DEATH. Also, Quranic verses, hadiths and fatwas (religious opinions) of the scholars are used. Some of the articles which were centered around Islamic jurisprudence, particularly Shiite jurisprudence that explain and deal with BRAIN DEATH.were given special consideration. FINDINGS: BRAIN DEATH.from religious and jurisprudence perspective is considered the termination of life and removing the vital organs from the body is not viewed as committing manslaughter. A person with BRAIN DEATH.is not a normally known injured man who is still alive. The BRAIN DEATH.patinets have no life and getting rid of the body does not constitute a case of manslaughter. Amputation of the organs of BRAIN DEATH.patients for donation and transplantation amounts to the amputation of a dead body. If the life of a Muslim is subject to transplant of organs from the body of a BRAIN DEATH.patient, it will be permissible.CONCLUSION: In principle, if the life of a Muslim entails transplant of organs of BRAIN DEATH.patients, it will be permissible.

Every human being always tried to define DEATH.to reach a solution to life, maybe forever. He always faced with such questions: what is DEATH. When can we say somebody died? We have two main approaches in medicine to define DEATH. Cardiopulmonary DEATH. which means the irreversible cessation of the cardiopulmonary system (heart and lungs), and BRAIN DEATH.which means the irreversible cessation of BRAIN functions. The second approach promoted by way of using ventilators, which could revive BRAIN DEATH.Patients. So BRAIN functions became the most important criterion to define DEATH. Now the question is: if the irreversible cessation of cognitive activities in the BRAIN is the criterion to define DEATH.or the irreversible cessation of the cardiopulmonary system? Moreover, if we choose the first, which property or function can be the criterion to define cognitive activity? According to this study's findings, it is concluded that the irreversible cessation of cognitive activities in the BRAIN is the criterion to define DEATH. Accordingly, human beings are trying to find a reason why awareness is the right criterion to define cognitive activity.

Introduction: Irreversible absence of cerebral and BRAINstem functions defined as BRAIN DEATH. The criteria for BRAIN DEATH.includes a patient in a comatose state, absence of BRAIN stem reflexes on neurologic examination, and a core body temperature >90oF. Assessing BRAIN DEATH.may sometimes be difficult especially when a discrepancy between the clinically and EEG-assessed BRAIN DEATH.is presented. This may lead to misdiagnosis of BRAIN or BRAIN stem DEATH. Nuclear medicine techniques were used to support the diagnosis of BRAIN DEATH. Uptake of Tc99mHMPO in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices was detected in patients suspicious of the BRAIN DEATH. Nuclear imaging demonstrated an absence of intracerebral uptake of the tracer in patients with BRAIN DEATH. In patients with severe closed head injuries, a nuclear medicine perfusion test revealed the lack of uptake of radionuclides in the neocortex.Conclusion: Nuclear medicine tests as well as a non-contrasted CT scan or computed tomographic angiography can be also performed at the same time with minimal additional risks to evaluate the lack of blood flow to the BRAIN and improve our diagnosis of the BRAIN DEATH.

Background: BRAIN DEATH.is a new medical term that appeared in the second half of the 20th century. Some research about it has already conducted in law, but no academic research in this field from the Sunni jurisprudents point of view. Methods: Because this is a theoretical study in theology, our primary research method is library research. Results: There are different opinions about BRAIN DEATH.in Sunni jurisprudence, which can be divided into three groups of supporters, opponents, and neutrals. Some jurisprudents do not recognize BRAIN DEATH.due to their respect for the human soul. According to principles such as asceticism and the observance of the custom of the universe, the DEATH.of patients with BRAIN DEATH.is not certain, and subsequently, it is not allowed to separate assist devices from the patient and the perception of their members. However, the second group, considering the lack of human life and according to the theory of medical commission, which is the same convention, BRAIN DEATH.is considered to be a definite DEATH. so it is allowed to separate the assist devices from the patient and the withdrawal of its members. The neutrals consider BRAIN DEATH.as one of the examples of definitive DEATH. but for some jurisprudential rulings, legal rights are not considered in the DEATH.sentence. Conclusion: The BRAIN DEATH.is the complete cessation of the activities of the BRAIN, including the BRAIN stem and cortex. By diagnosis and announcing the BRAIN DEATH. the patient is considered as a dead body regardless of lungs and heart function even with the help of a resuscitator. It seems the reasons of the supporters of BRAIN DEATH.are favorable. So the resuscitator should be separated from the patient with BRAIN DEATH.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: BRAIN DEATH.and organ transplantation are the new subjects in jurisprudence and medicine. BRAIN dead people are not completely alive that the regulations are considered for them as a living person and are not completely dead that DEATH.rules such as interment, funerary and performing testament are considered for them. Since, there are many moral and legal questions about BRAIN DEATH. so this study was performed to assess the jurists’ opinion about BRAIN DEATH.and transplantation.METHODS: By studying scientific and jurisprudence texts about BRAIN DEATH.and transplantation, jurisprudence and legal rules about BRAIN DEATH.were assessed in this study.FINDINGS: The jurists give DEATH.s verdict on BRAIN dead people if their DEATH.be confirmed by physicians but if there is any doubt, it is necessary to wait until the signs of DEATH.to be appeared. Organ donation after real DEATH.of BRAIN dead people is possible that requires consent from patient’s heir at law.CONCLUSION: The results showed that BRAIN DEATH.is actually an irreversible DEATH. So, if the DEATH.is confirmed exactly by the experts, the mutilation of BRAIN dead people is permitted for saving other’s life with getting permission from the patient’s legal guardians.

Introduction: BRAIN DEATH.and organ donation are important issues. Problems involving logistics, ethical issues, personal resistance, and legal difficulties will probably always limit the number of available donors. The aim of this article to review BRAIN DEATH.and organ donation and various factors related to success of this in IRAN.Method: A systemic review was performed. We searched the pub med, Cochran are embays date base form 1995 to 2010, and the date published in Persian journal in IRAN from 1365 to 1389, all studies reporting BRAIN DEATH.and organ donation and related factors.Result: Organ donation is about 1.7 per million in IRAN and very fewer of Europe and American country. The mean age of organ donation was 25.6 years old. Various factors related to success of organ Transplantation in IRAN include: Positive attitude of public towards organ donation, consent by relations for organ donation and support logistics, knowledge, motivation and self- confidence nurse and physician towards organ donation, and religious views on organ donation.Conclusion: BRAIN DEATH.and organ donation are difficult decision, for public, physician and family. We recommended people had signed a donor volunteered card in live time.